托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作文章結(jié)構(gòu)及論證方式（下） 　　北京朗閣培訓(xùn)中心 ?唐艷 　　在結(jié)構(gòu)書(shū)寫(xiě)正確的情況下，論證就是我們接下來(lái)要關(guān)注的問(wèn)題，解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵，我們首先要了解獨(dú)立作文的問(wèn)題類(lèi)型。 ? 　　1. 二選一題型 　　具體可以看下面呈現(xiàn)的題目： 　　Some students prefer to have their final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas others prefer to have their final grades determined by only a few large assignments. Which do you prefer and why? ? 　　2. 概念判斷 　　(1) Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teaching is harder than it was in the past. 　　(2) Workers would be much happier if they are doing different types of tasks during their workday than doing the same task. 　　(3) It is better that Universities and colleges are now offering qualifications through distance learning from the Internet rather than teachers in the classroom. ? 　　而論證方式的選擇取決于題型分類(lèi)，鑒于以上的考題，北京朗閣培訓(xùn)中心的專家給考生們進(jìn)行了規(guī)整： 　　1. 實(shí)例論證并結(jié)合時(shí)間對(duì)比論證 　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teaching is harder than it was in the past. 　　理由是題目中含有明確的現(xiàn)在is harder和過(guò)去的時(shí)間in the past。 ? 　　2. 實(shí)例論證和不同對(duì)象對(duì)比論證的結(jié)合 　　Some students prefer to have their final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas others prefer to have their final grades determined by only a few large assignments. Which do you prefer and why? 　　Workers would be much happier if they are doing different types of tasks during their workday than doing the same task. 　　在這兩個(gè)題目中，都存在兩個(gè)不同的對(duì)象，讓我們做出明確的態(tài)度。那么考生們?cè)谶x擇其中一個(gè)對(duì)象后，為了很好的論證，就要進(jìn)行不同對(duì)象的對(duì)比論證。 ? 　　為了很好的詮釋上面的論證方式的區(qū)別，北京朗閣培訓(xùn)中心的專家將結(jié)合學(xué)生作文示范段落論證方式： 　　1. 實(shí)例論證并結(jié)合時(shí)間對(duì)比論證 　　大家注意一下標(biāo)紅的部分，作者分別從過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在論證了科技的發(fā)展對(duì)于老百姓生活質(zhì)量的提高：購(gòu)物的變化過(guò)去與現(xiàn)在的對(duì)比/人們的出行所發(fā)生的變化并對(duì)于人們生活質(zhì)量的提高。（這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)在批注里可以看到） 　　2. 實(shí)例論證和不同對(duì)象對(duì)比論證的結(jié)合 　　在這里，北京朗閣培訓(xùn)中心的專家給大家呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)2010年9月的綜合寫(xiě)作機(jī)經(jīng)上的一個(gè)閱讀部分，同時(shí)也是上面一個(gè)題目的很理想的段落書(shū)寫(xiě)（It is better that Universities and colleges are now offering qualifications through distance learning from the Internet rather than teachers in the classroom.） ? 　　筆者認(rèn)為這個(gè)段落是個(gè)很好的對(duì)比論證和實(shí)例論證： 　　Online education also encourages cheating because the students are not closely monitored by the teacher. Students may have other people write their papers and use notes and books while taking a test. In traditional schools teachers can engage with their students and know their students well, but online teacher can only know if this student turned in his or her homework. 　　這篇文章主要討論的是傳統(tǒng)學(xué)校的考試制度和網(wǎng)絡(luò)上考試的迥異：請(qǐng)看上面的不同字體字部分：紅色部分討論了傳統(tǒng)學(xué)校在考試時(shí)的做法，然后運(yùn)用了轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系but online teacher can only know if this student turned in his or her homework. 在這個(gè)段落里，對(duì)傳統(tǒng)學(xué)校和網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)校在獲得學(xué)歷上進(jìn)行了對(duì)比。 ? 　　實(shí)例論證： 　　所有的獨(dú)立作文都有實(shí)例論證，這個(gè)是比較好理解的。在這一點(diǎn)上，考生們要記得前面所說(shuō)的段落的連貫性。同樣，北京朗閣培訓(xùn)中心的專家給大家呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)2011年11月14日的綜合寫(xiě)作機(jī)經(jīng)的閱讀部分節(jié)選，這個(gè)推薦的段落很好地給大家展示了實(shí)例論證的典范：這個(gè)閱讀主要講的是人類(lèi)征服mars的艱難和障礙。 　　The zero-gravity environment of space is detrimental to human body. Some of the more severe effects of prolonged weightlessness are muscle atrophy, or the loss of muscle tissue due to disuse, and the deterioration of the skeleton, which results in decreased strength and bone structure. During a 10-month journey, astronauts can expect to lose as much as half their strength due to lack of exercise. ? 　　大家可以看出，在中心論點(diǎn)列出后is detrimental to human body, 后面分別從這幾個(gè)方面完全連貫的論證了這個(gè)段落： 　　prolonged weightlessness are muscle atrophy 　　the loss of muscle tissue 　　the deterioration of the skeleton, 　　lose as much as half their strength 　　綜上所述，為了在考試中得到一個(gè)很令自己滿意的分?jǐn)?shù)，在獨(dú)立作文方面首先要注意結(jié)構(gòu)的準(zhǔn)確：即統(tǒng)一性，漸進(jìn)性和連貫性，而掌握了結(jié)構(gòu)后，要根據(jù)不同的題目類(lèi)型（選擇型和概念判斷型）并采用不同的論證方式：實(shí)例論證，實(shí)例論證結(jié)合不同對(duì)象對(duì)比論證和實(shí)例論證結(jié)合時(shí)間對(duì)比論證。 ?