一、重譯法

在翻譯中,有時為了忠實于原文,不得不重復(fù)某些詞語,否則就不能忠實表達(dá)原文的意思。重譯法有如下三大作用:一是為了明確;二是為了強(qiáng)調(diào);三是為了生動。

We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa.

二、增譯法

為了使譯文忠實地表達(dá)原文的意思與風(fēng)格并使譯文合乎表達(dá)習(xí)慣,必須增加一些詞語。
A new kind aircraft-small, cheap, pilotless is attracting increasing attention.

三、減譯法

和其他一切事物一樣,翻譯也是有增必有減。理解了增譯法之后也就明白了減譯法,它是增譯法的反面。

These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.

四、詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯法

在翻譯時,由于兩種語言在語法和習(xí)慣表達(dá)上的差異,在保證原文意思不變的情況下,譯文必須改變詞類,這就是詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯法,這種方法不僅指詞類的改變,而且還包括詞類作用的改變和一定詞序的變化。

1、a.→v.
The manager is grateful to the customers for their valuable suggestions.

2、n.→a.
In all this great serenity of ocean it is seldom that we espy so much as another ship.

還有其它詞類轉(zhuǎn)移的情況,這里將不再一一贅述,總之,詞類轉(zhuǎn)移要遵守忠實與通順的原則。

五、詞序調(diào)整法

詞序調(diào)整法的英語inversion一詞,不能譯成"倒譯"、"倒譯法"或"顛倒詞序"之類,否則容易和語法中的"倒裝"概念相混淆。inversion作為一種翻譯技巧,其意思為:翻譯時對詞序作必要或必不可少的改變,并不只是純粹的顛倒詞序或倒裝。

It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January.

六、正義反譯,反義正譯

negation在語法與翻譯兩個不同*中含義不盡相同。作為一種翻譯技巧,它主要指在翻譯實踐中,為了使譯文忠實而合乎語言習(xí)慣地傳達(dá)原文的意思,有時必須把原文中的肯定說法變成譯文中的否定說法,或把原文中的否定說法變成譯文中的肯定說法。

1、需要正義反譯的詞和短語有:deny"否決,否定→不給予";miss"錯過→沒趕上(交通工具);沒聽(看到)或沒聽(看懂)";live up to one’s expectations"不(沒)辜負(fù)……的希望";divert attention from"將注意力從……移開→沒有意識到";be absent"未出席;沒來";far from"遠(yuǎn)非;完全不";final"*終的→不可改變的";idly"漫不經(jīng)心地;無所事事地";be at a loss"不知所措";rather than/instead of"而不是";absent-minded"心不在焉的";but for"要不是;如果沒有"等。

The scientists made a solemn pledge at the conference, saying, "We’ll forever live up to what our Party expects of us."

2、需要反義正譯的詞匯是含有no或not的一些短語,如:no less than"實在是;正如;不少于";no less…than"和……一樣;不亞于";no other than"只有;正是";none other than(用以加強(qiáng)語氣)"正是;恰恰是;不是別人,正是……";nothing but"只有(是);只不過";no choice but"別無選擇只(好)得";以及一些帶有詞綴的詞,如:unfold"展開;呈現(xiàn)";disappear"消失;失蹤";carelessly"馬馬虎虎地;粗心地"等。

From the passage we learn that an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice.

七、分譯法

分譯法主要用于長句的翻譯。為了使譯文忠實、易懂,有時不得不把一個長句譯成兩句或更多的句子。這是分譯法的主要內(nèi)容,此處所謂的句子不在于結(jié)尾處用句號,而在于有無主謂結(jié)構(gòu),一般說來,含有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的語言部分就是一個句子。這種句子大是含有定語從句的句子,在英漢互譯時,尤其在英譯漢中,如能將定語從句譯成前置定語,則盡量避免其他譯法;如譯成前置定語不合適,一般是分譯成另外一個獨立的句子或另一種從句,如譯成狀語從句等。

It is obvious that his period in office was marked by steep rise in his country’s oil revenues and the beginning of a social-political crisis brought out by wide-scale misuse of the $25 billion a year earning from oil.

八、語態(tài)變換法

這里所說的語態(tài)是指主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài),這兩種語態(tài)在英漢兩種語言中的使用情況是很不相同的,被動語態(tài)的使用是科技文章的主要特點之一,其用法十分廣泛。在漢語中,我們可用"被、讓、把、遭、換、使、由、受到,為……所"等詞來表示被動。但在漢語中的被動語態(tài)使用頻率比英文要低得多。因此,在遇到被動語態(tài)時,應(yīng)遵循漢語的習(xí)慣,如譯成被動語態(tài)不通,則譯成主動語態(tài)。

1、保留其被動語

Goodyear, an American, had been trying for years to find a way in which rubber could be made hard, non-sticky, and yet elastic.

2、將被動改為主動

① 翻譯成漢語的無主語,如果被動句不含by的話。

If bad weather is expected, the forecaster must be able to suggest another airport within the range of the aircraft where the weather will be suitable for landing.

②將that引導(dǎo)的主語從句仍然譯為賓語,但要加上表泛指的詞語(如人們、大家、我們等)做主語。如:

It is hoped that…
It is reported that…
It is said that…
It is supposed that…
It must be admitted that…
It must be pointed out that…
It is asserted that…
It is believed that…
It is well known that…
It will be said that…
It will be seen from this that…
It was told that…
I was told that…
It may be said…
It may be argued that…