托福語法之獨立主格 　　獨立主格可以算是非謂語動詞狀語從句知識點的延伸，所以如果還沒掌握非謂語動詞及狀語從句的省略的，請慎入，哈哈。 　　定義：非謂語動詞作狀語，其邏輯主語須與主句主語保持一致。若不一致，非謂語動詞形式須另帶主語，從而構成復合結構的形式作狀語。這種結構稱為“獨立主格結構”。其中，非謂語動詞主動用現(xiàn)在分詞，被動用過去分詞。 　　獨立主格結構主要用于描繪性文字中，其作用相當于一個狀語從句，常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等，如： 　　表示時間： 　　The meeting over, all of us went home. 　　Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 　　表示條件： 　　The condition favorable, he may succeed. 　　表示原因： 　　He wrapped her up with great care, the night dark and frosty. 　　In the middle of February, the weather favorable for work, the workers began to repair and secure the dam of the river. 　　表示伴隨情況： 　　Almost all metals are good conductors, silver the best of all. 　　所以其形式為： 　　1. 名詞/主格代詞 分詞： 　　名詞/主格代詞 現(xiàn)在分詞（表示主動和正在進行）， 　　如： 　　The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 　　Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing. 　　名詞/主格代詞 過去分詞（表示被動和已完成）， 　　如： 　　The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 　　Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 　　2. 名詞/主格代詞 不定式：（表示將要發(fā)生的動作，主動關系） 　　如： 　　He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 　　They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 　　3. 名詞/主格代詞 介詞短語 　　如： 　　The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 　　Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 　　4. 名詞/主格代詞 形容詞 　　如： 　　An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 　　So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 　　5. 名詞/主格代詞 副詞 　　如： 　　He put on his sweater, wrong side out. 　　6. 名詞/主格代詞 名詞 　　如： 　　His first shot failure，he fired again． 　　Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 　　7. with引導的獨立主格 　　與主句邏輯關系緊密，形式為with/without 賓語（名詞/代詞） 賓語補足語(分詞/不定式/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語)，賓語通常由名詞或代詞充當，但代詞一定要用賓格。上文的獨立主格結構的幾種情況都適用于此結構， 　　如： 　　The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.（分詞） 　　Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. （分詞） 　　The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. （不定式） 　　With his son so handsome, the old man felt satisfied.（形容詞） 　　The boy was walking, with his father ahead.（副詞） 　　He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.（介詞短語）

　　8. each引導的強調型獨立主格，形式為:句子 復數(shù)名詞結尾 each 介詞短語/形容詞短語/名詞短語/分詞 如: 　　The huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive. 　　注意： 　　1. 獨立主格轉換成狀語從句，當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞， 　　如： 　　After class was over (= Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom. 　　2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形： 　　(1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時， 　　如： 　　It being Sunday, we went to church. 　　(2)在There being 名詞的結構中， 　　如： 　　There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 　　3. 在“名詞/主格代詞 介詞短語”構成的獨立主格結構中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞，體會與with引導的獨立主格的區(qū)別， 　　如： 　　Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 　　Miss Smith entered the classroom with a book in her hand. 　　在with/without結構中，多數(shù)情況下with能省略，但without不能省略。 　　4. 獨立主格結構的邏輯主語為名詞時，沒有所有格形式， 　　如： 　　The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.